^s*.'^-' 


tu 


i 


J:^r?^l  5^17 


"-^^  • 


(^^ 


IN 


Twelve  Tessoi^s. 


A.  MELVILLE  BELLS  WORKS. 


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ENGLISH 


VISIBLE    SPEECH 


IN 


TWELVE     LESSONS. 


ILLUSTRATED. 


BY 


ALEXANDER   MELVILLE   BELL 

PRINTED    FOR    THE    AUTHOR 
AT   THE 

Western  New  York  Institution  for  Deaf-Mutes, 
rochester,  n.  y. 


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Copyright  by 

Alexander  MttviLLE  Bell. 
1895. 


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CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

How  to  obtain  this  Book III. 

Fundamental  Symbols  of  Visible  Speech        .....  VI. 

Explanatory  Preface  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .VII. 

Introdudion           ..........  9 

Lesson    I.                  .        .  12 

"II.             ...........  16 

"         III.                20 

"IV. =         .         .         .         .  24 

"V.                 28 

"VI 32 

VII.              )6 

"        Vlll 40 

|yv.                      ......                         ...  44 

"X.             ..........  48 

•'XI. 52 

"      xn 56 

Universal  Vowel  Table ...  61 

Readings                65 

Key  to  Readings 73-8o 


VI 


l/ISIBLE  SPEECH. 


FUNDAMENTAL   SYMBOLS. 


C  Back  of  Tongue. 
OTop    "      " 
(J  Point  "      " 
O  Lips. 


^  Nasal  passage  open. 
)(  Glottis  closed. 
I        "      vocalizing. 
O      "      open  (aspirate.) 


0  Throat  aspirate  (whisper). 


EXPLANATORY  PREFACE. 


yHOSE  who  are  not  acquainted  with  the  principles  of 
Visible  Speech  might,  with  a  little  observation,  dis- 
cover the  basis  of  the  system  for  themselves,  from  the 
writing  of  familiar  words.  Nevertheless,  a  little  expla- 
nation is  a  great  assistance.  The  following  are  the  prin- 
cipal fundamental  points: — 

A  curved  line  means  a  consonant. 

A  straight  line  means  a  vowel. 

A  line  within  a  curve  means  a  vocal  consonant. 

Consonants. 

THE   DIRECTION   OF   CURVES   DENOTES: 

To     left,    (C)  formation  by  back  of  tongue. 
To  right,   (O)         "  "     lips. 

Convex  above,   (O)  formation  by  top  of  tongue. 
Concave     "    ,   (U)  "  "    point  of      '* 

THE    VARIETIES    OF    CURVES    DENOTE: 

Primary,  (C)  central  emission  of  breath. 
Divided,  (3)  side 


Vlll  EXPLANATORY    PREFACE. 

Mixed,     (a)    central  emission  j  with    modification 

'     ^^^  i    ^y   two    parts  of 

Mixed,  divided,  (C)  side  emission  ^    ^^g  mouth. 

Shut,    (Q)  oral  stoppage  of  breath 

Nasal,  (G)    oral    stoppage     of    breath    with    emission 

through  the  nose. 

yowels. 

A  point,  or  a  hook,  on  a  straight  line  denotes  the  vowel 
positions  of  the  tongue.     Thus: 

On    left  side   of  line.  (1)  back   of  mouth. 

On  right  "  "  (I)  front     " 

On  both  sides      "  (T)  mixed,  back  and  front. 

At  top  ••  (T)  high. 

At  bottom  ••  (I)  low. 

At  both  ends      "  (1)  mid  elevation. 

A  cross  bar  on  a  line  denotes  rounding  or  contraction 
of  the  lips.     Thus:    i  }  J 

The  symbols  have  the  same  value  in  all  languages. 
Consequently,  when  the  meaning  of  the  symbols  is 
known,  the  sounds  of  any  language  may  be  deduced 
with  certainty  from  their  Visible  Speech  writing. 

The  foregoing  explanations  are  for  the  teacher  only. 
The  learner  does  not  require  to  know  the  theory  of  the 
system. 


INTRODUCTION. 


QNE    of  the    original    claims   of  Visible   Speech    was   to 

teach  reading  in  a  fraction  of  the  time  required  with 
common  letters.  By  means  of  this  little  book,  the  claim 
may   now  be  put  to  the  test  of  experiment. 

Children  and  others  who  master  these  Twelve  Lessons 
will  read  with  accuracy  and  certainty,  any  English  com- 
position printed  in  the  same  alphabet. 

The  system  is  not  intended  to  displace  established 
letters,  but  to  be  a  key  to  their  pronunciation.  For  this 
purpose,  Visible  Speech  is  equally  applicable  to  all  lan- 
guages.    The  present  work  is  limited  to  English. 

Visible  Speech  offers  unquestionable  advantages  to  the 
young,  in  laying  a  foundation  for  excellence  both  in 
native   speaking  and  in  the  utterance  of  foreign  tongues. 

Foreigners  will  learn  from  these  direcl:ive  letters  to 
articulate  our  language  with  vernacular  effect.  That  so 
many  persons  fail  to  pronounce  certain  elementarv  sounds, 
is  owing  solely  to  the  want  of  that  knowledge  which 
Visible   Speech  conveys. 

To  deaf  learners  these  lessons  will  be  of  especial  value, 
in  greatly  facilitating  the  acquirement  of  the  power  of 
speech. 


lO  INTRODUCTION. 

Each  lesson  is  preceded  by  a  "  Teacher's  Page " 
containing  explanatory  notes;  and  each  Lesson  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  Key. 

The  Words  and  Sentences  in  the  Lessons  are  made 
up,  exclusively,  of  elements  which  have  been  previously 
introduced.  On  this  account,  the  available  vocabulary  in 
the  early  Lessons  is,  of  course,   very  limited. 

A  few  Reading  Exercises  follow  the  Lessons. 


The  reading  of  the  unconnected  words  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  lesson  may  be  made  interesting  to  the 
learner  if  the  teacher  will  illustrate  each  word  by  using 
it  in  an  extemporaneous  sentence.  Words  oi  the  same 
sound  but  various  orthography  may  thus  be  freely  in- 
troduced. 


ENGLISH 


VISIBLE    SPEECH 


ILLUSTRATED. 


VP 


12  LESSON    I. 


TEACHER'S    PAGE. 

yHE    first    Lesson   introduces   the   consonants  p,   t,    and 

the  vowels  e,  a  (article)  and  /.  These  are  united  to 
form  words,  and  the  words  are  united  to  form  senten- 
ces;  so  that  the  beginner  reads  at  once. 

The  cuts  show  that  p  requires  the  closing  of  the  lips; 
and  that  /  requires  the  closing  of  the  point  of  the  tongue 
on  the  upper  gum.  These  consonants  have  no  sound 
but  the  gentle  puff  that  results  from  the  separation  of 
the  organs  after  closure. 

The  vowel  cuts  show  that  the  tongue  is  high,  in  the 
front  of  the  mouth,  for  e;  that  it  lies  evenly,  midway  in 
the  mouth,  for  a  (article);  and  that  it  rises  from  the 
back  to  the  front  of  the  mouth,  in  forming  the  diph- 
thongal  sound,   f. 

The  varieties  in  the  spelling  of  the  same  sounds, 
throughout  the  Lessons,  and  even  in  this  First  Lesson, 
forcibly  illustrate  the  anomalies  of  common  orthography, 
and  the  advantages  of  the  Visible  Speech  mode  of  rep- 
resenting sounds. 


LESSON   I. 


n 


ILLUSTRATIVK   CUTS. 


D 


_; 


14  LESSON   I. 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

Df,      D]s,      or.      D]^      Id,      did, 

Dia,  D3sD,  Q3^D,  D3^0; 

1    Df,         1    DK         I    DID,         1    D3sD, 

I    03sD  :         h    lO,  3?i    DfD,  3?i    03s, 

ID   1   Dl,         Id    I   D3x. 

3s    FD    1    Dl.  3s    ID    I    D3s, 

D3s     D3sD.         D3s     1     D3sD, 

3s    D3s    D3sa.         3s    D3s   1  D3sD, 

3r   D3s   1   D3sD    D3sD. 


LESSON  I.  IS 


KEY. 

pea,  pie,  tea,  tie,  eat,  peep, 

peat,         pipe,         type,         tight; 

a  pea,         a  pie,         a  peep,         a  pipe, 

a  type ;        I  eat,         I  peep,         I  tie, 

eat  a  pea,         eat  a  pie, 

I  cat  a  pea,         I  eat  a  pie, 

tie  tight,         tie  a  pipe, 

I  tie  tight,         I  tie  a  pipe, 

I     tie    a     pipe     tight. 


i6  LESSON   II. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  consonants  b,  d,  and  the  vowels  ah,  t,  are  now 
introduced. 

The  cuts  show  that  the  formation  of  b  is  the  same 
as  that  of  p,  and  that  the  formation  of  d  is  the  same  as 
that  of  /;  the  only  difference  being  that  during  the  closure 
of  the  mouth-passage  a  murmur  of  voice  is  heard  for 
b  and   d,  while   for  p   and   /  there   is  no   throat  sound. 

Throat  sound  (or  voice),  is  indicated  in  the  Visible 
Speech  symbols  by  a  straight  line  in  the  center  of  the 
consonant  curve. 

The  cuts  for  vocalized  consonants  show  a  line  in  the 
throat. 

The  vowel  cuts  in  this  Lesson  show  that  the  tongue 
is  low,  at  the  back  of  the  mouth,  for  ah;  and  high,  at 
the   front   of  the   mouth,    for  /". 

The  position  of  the  tongue  for  i  is  almost  the  same 
as  for  e  (see  Lesson  I.);  but  the  cavity  behind  the  tongue 
is  widened,  and  the  "Front"  quality  of  the  vowel  is  thus 
rendered  comparatively  indefinite. 


LESSON    II. 


»7 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


i8  LESSON  II. 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

Bl,  BK  CD3s.  L  0J.  DJ.  DIDJ,  To,  DlO, 
DiD.  DfO.  DID.  BlO.  Dj.i^O.  0]s0.  03j^CD, 
D3xO.  OlD,  OfD.  Dior,  DfODfO  : 
1  Dl.  1  DlO.  1  03^O.  1  010.  I  OlO- 
BlO :  03.^0  ro.  0ro  lO.  03s  lO,  OlD  lO, 
©3s     To.  03s    1     010.  03s    1     D3s.  03sO 

1     010.         h     OlDO     lO.         3s     03sO     lO. 
h    D3sO    To.       3s    03s    fo.       3s    03s    D3s. 
fO     1     010.  03sO     1     0fO.  lO     1     OfO0fO. 

3s     lO     1     OrO0rO:  J.     DlOJ.  DlDJ     DIDO, 

OlD    DlDJ.         03s03s.         010     DlDJ     03s     1     D3s, 
3s     DfOl     DlDJ. 


.  LESSON    11.  ig 


KFY. 

bee,      buy.      dit.\      ;ih.      b;ili.      p;i,      pap.i,      it.      pit, 
tit,  bit.         beat.         bcaJ.         bite,         bide.         died, 

tide,         deep,         dip,         pity,         tidbit, 
a     bee,  a     bead,  a     bite,-        a     bit,         a     tid- 

bit;        bite     it,         bit     it,         buy     it,         dip     it. 
dye      it,  buy     a     bead,  buy     a     pie,  bide 

a      bit,  I     dipped     it  I     d\\\\     if, 

1     tied     it.  I     buy     it,  1     buy     pie, 

eat     a     bit.  bite     a     bit,  eat     a     tidbit, 

1     eat     <i     tidbit;  ah,      papa.  papa     peeped, 

deep     papa.         bye  bye.  bid     papa     buy     a     pie, 

I     pity     papa. 


20  LESSON   III. 

TEACHER'S    PAGE. 

The  nasal  consonants  ;//,  11,  and  the  vowel  a  form 
the  subject  of  Lesson  III. 

The  cuts  show  that  /;/  has  the  same  formation  as  p 
and  /',  and  that  //  has  the  same  formation  as  /  and  d. 
The  only  difference  is  that  the  nasal  passage  is  open — 
by  depression  of  the  soft  palate — so  that  the  voice  flows 
through  the  nose.  Pinch  the  nostrils  while  sounding  m 
and   11,  and  these  sounds  will  resemble  b  and  d. 

The  nasal  consonants,  when  before  non-vocal  conso- 
nants in  the  same  syllable,  are  pronounced  almost,  or 
entirely,  without  voice;  as  in  sent,  since,  lamp,  lunch. 
The  peculiar  abruptness  of  this  mode  of  articulating 
these  syllables  is  distindively  national.  Foreigners  are  at 
once  recognized  by  their  giving  full  vocality  to  ///,  n,  etc., 
in  such  cases.  In  these  Lessons  the  nasals  are  always 
wiitten  as  vocal  elements. 

Non-vocal  nasals, — on  account  of  the  openness  of  their 
breath  channels, —  are  scarcely  audible;  but  the  vocal 
nasals  are,  for  the  same  reason,  among  the  most  sono- 
rous elements   in   speech. 

The  Vowel  cut  shows  that  a  is  formed  with  the 
tongue  direded  to  the  front  of  the  mouth,  but  not  so 
close  to  the  gum  as  for  e  and  /'. 

The  vowel  a  is  often  finished  with  a  motion  of  the 
tongue  towards  its  position  for  e — making  the  sound  diph- 
thongal— {=  a^ec).  This  never  takes  place  before  r.  The 
dipthongal  a  is  not  written  in  these  Lessons. 

The  mark  ♦  denotes  that  the  preceding  position  is 
momentarily  "held"  so  as  to  have  the  effed  of  a  sylla- 
ble. The  nasals  ///,  11,  and  also  /,  thus  frequently  make 
syllables  without  vowels:   as  in  eat{e)n,  lis{te)n,  settle. 


LhSSON 


21 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


22  LESSON   III. 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

91,  93?^.  BJ.  BIB].  Bl  CCC.  CCl.  CDlD.  CClO.  TOCDi 
CD3?;,  CCa^O.  D3;^DCD*.  BlO.  9[D.  93^D.  D3t,3,  OID 
CC[8.  DCs.  QlB.  0C9.  alCD.  9CCD.  BfO.  SlO,  alOCDf 
93j^ce.  93j^cc(D.  sIo.  dIcd.  DfCC.  DC.  DCCD.  DC,  0C. 
DCCDD,     DCCCD,     C9.      C90.     Co.     Col.     DCCDOf. 

3;^  9C.  3?i  CDlO.  3?;  93;^0.  3?;  SlCD,  3s  9CCD, 
3?;  93sCDO.  3s  C9®,  3s  D3sD.  3s  D3;^0, 
J  91.  93s  CDI.  93s  93sCC©.  93s  9rDCDt.  93s  C9, 
93j^  ©3s9.  93s  019,  Bh  CD.  93s  9l9J. 
CC3sDi3s9,  WL  ^iO.  I  QCceOf  9CO.  1  93sOr  CDC9. 
93sCCO  sr.  CD3s  91.  Dice  ID.  DCCCD  IO.  D3sOCD*  IO. 
3s  CClQ  1  Dice.  3s  0)10  I  9r0CDi.  3s  CDlCD  93s  9l9J' 
3s  D3sO  9r  D3s9.  93sCD(D  93s  CDC9.  9l  9COCi3+  CDC9, 
DfOf    91    DCCD.  J,   DfOl     91,  DlDJ    DlOfO    91 


LESSON    111.  2^. 


KEY. 

me,  my.  ni;i.  m;im;i,  ni;iv,  n;iy,  knee,  neat,  need,  enten. 
nigh,  night,  tighten,  meet,  mate,  might,  time,  team, 
name,  tame,  deem,  dame,  mean,  main,  meed,  mit,  mitten, 
mine,  mind,  mid,  pin,  bin,  bay,  pain,  pay,  day, 
paint,      pained,      aim,      aimed,      cig!.!       eighty,      dainty. 

I    may,         I    need,         I    might.         I    mean,         I    made, 
I    mind,         I    aimed,         I    bite,         1    bide, 
ah  me!       my  knee,       my  mind,       my  mitten.       my  aim. 
my   dime,  my  team,  my  ape,         my   mama. 

Night  time,  knee  deep,  a  dainty  maid,  a  mighty  name, 
mind  me,  nigh  me,  pin  it,  paint  it,  tighten  it. 
1  need  a  pin,  I  need  a  mitten,  I  need  my  mama, 
1  bide  my  time,  mind  mv  name,  my  maiden  name, 
pity    my   pain,  ah,    pity    me,  papa    pitied    me. 


24  LESSON  IV. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  single  position  illustrated  in  the  three  cuts  in 
Lesson  iV.  is  closure  of  the  back  of  the  tongue  against 
the  soft  palate. 

The  non-vocal  consonant  resulting  from  this  a6tion  is 
k,  which  has  no  other  audibility  than  what  arises  from 
the   separation  of  the   organs   after    closure. 

The  vocal  consonant  of  the  same  formation  is  what 
is  called  "hard  ,<^ " — a  k  with  a  murmur  of  voice 
accompanying   the   organic    contact. 

The  third  consonant  of  the  same  formation  is  ng, 
in  which  the  voice  passes,  with  a  pure  bell-like  sono- 
rousness, through  the  nose.  Pinch  the  nostrils  while 
sounding   uir,  and   the    result    will   resemble  g. 

Ng,  like  //;  and  ;/,  generally  loses  its  vocality  before 
non-vocal  consonants  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  ink, 
tank,  anxious,  jundion.  In  these  Lessons  the  vocal  form 
is  always  written;  the  non-vocal  forms  will  be  developed 
by  facility  in  pronunciation. 


LESSON    IV, 


25 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


a 


26  LESSON  IV. 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

or,  [a,  OLD,  aCD.  a[D,  a3sa,  qIdcdk  afor,  qGsCDCD, 
o]B,  oL^i,  afcD,  a  [CD,  oca,  ala,  alao,  qIg, 
Dfa,  Dfa,  oca,  ola,  fea,  Dlea,  qIq,  dIq,  qIq,  qC9, 
DCa,  ©la,  bLo,  Bio,  qcd,  qcd,  qccc,  Dials, 
^Lei:&,  lolG,  cafG,  slccrG,  bIoIg. 


/^ 


iCDCCDOlDirG.    laiSD  SlOfG.    1  Qf®:  afDCCi.   I  DIGQ 

qIocl)*.    3s  oca  Dfol.    oca  Bh  aCD.    3«  Bio  i  aca. 

3s  9[0  GiB.    D3s  93s  BlQ  dIQ.    a3sCDO  OLOL    OJB  OCO. 

aco  SCO  ofa  sla,  93s  eel  cao.  ofa  alao  To.  0f 
aj9.  oca  1  DCao  d3s.  oca  i  aca.  oca  i  dIgo. 

1  a3sCDO  DllG.  3sB  SCafG  iGa.  OfD  lO  ICC  IGO.  3x9 
OCalG  03s9.  3sB  alDlG  03s9.  3s3iOlGla[a.  3x3 
olalG  1  DfO. 


LESSON  IV.  27 


KEY. 

key,     ache,     keep,    cape,    Kate,    kite,    kitten,    kitty,    kind, 
calm,  kid,  kin,  cane,  cake,  kick,  kicked,  king, 
pick,  pig,  take,  tick,  ink,  pink,  dig,  big,  gig,  game, 
bake,  Dick,  meek,  make,  gape,  gate,  gain,  picking, 
digging,  eating,  aching,  meaning,   meeting. 

A  dainty  being.     A  camp  meeting.    A  giddy  kitten.    A  pink 
mitten.     I  take  pitv.     Take  my  cape.      1  make  a  cake. 
I  made  game.     Buy  my  big  pig.     Kind  Kitty.     Cahn  Kate. 
Kate  made  Dick  meek.    My  knee  ached.'  Dick  kicked  it.   Be 
calm.      Take  a  baked  pie.      Take  a  cake.     Take  a  pink. 
A  kind  being.      I'm  making  ink.      Dip  it  in  ink.     lin 
taking  time.     I'm  keeping  time.     I'm  eating  a  cake.     I'm 
digging  a  pit. 


28  LESSON  V. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  two  consonants  illustrated  in  Lesson  V,  have 
precisely  the  same  position  of  the  mouth.  The  lower 
lip  is  raised  to  the  upper  teeth,  while  the  breath  (for 
/)  or  the  voice  (for  v)  escapes  through  interstices 
between   the   sides   of  the   lip   and   the   teeth. 

The  two  vowel  sounds,  e{//),  d{ii)  have  the  tongue 
placed  nearly  as  for  a,  but  drawn  back  farther  from 
the  gum,  so  as  to  enlarge  the  front  cavity  between  the 
tongue   and   the   palate. 

The  sound  of  d{ii)  differs  from  that  of  e{ll)  by  hav- 
ing a  wider  resonance  cavity  behind  the  tongue,  the 
effed  of  which  is  to  render  the  "Front"  quality  of  the 
sound  less  definite. 


LESSON   V. 


29 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


I    I 


30  LESSON  V. 


WORDS  AND   SENTENCES. 

13,  3f,  3h,  aj3,  SLO,  31©,  3CO,  3C0,  33;^0,  310,  310, 
3lCD,  33;^CD.  33sCCO,  310,  33s3,  33x3,  CD3?i3,  l3,  OCS, 
DC3,  Ce[3r,  ID,  IQ,  10,  DIO,  DIO,  CDIO,  GIO,  01O, 
OlO,  CCIO,  3[0,  3103,  ICOO,  DICCO,  DICDO,  9IC0O, 
DIO,  DIO,  QIO,  CDIO,  TO,  QIO,  XDO,  IQO,  lO,  310, 
DIO,    DIG,    QIO,    9IO,   ICDO,   DICDO,   DIG,    CCIQ,  3X00 

3ia,  DiQO,  Die,  Die,  3ie,  eie. 

1  33;^c0  aj3.  1  olD  aC3.  oca  1  3lG.  h  lO  33x3. 
h  GC3  CDIO  I  DfG  QIO.  CDIO  GC3  BL  I  33sCD  CD3x3. 
OfG  SCO  CDIO  33,^0.  DIO  OlO.  3L  ICOfS,  GCO.  1 
SIOCDife  33sO.  BICDl  OIO  9ICD.  1  DIOIO  GlOCD*. 
h3  OIO  DiO.  lO  QC3  9r  SICDl  X  Die.  h  lO  XCD  IG. 
X  SICD  SIO.     X  SIOBXCD.    X  9CCD  3X00.    XDO  lO  3]iOre. 

IDO  lo  3rDre.  cdio  sicdo  ro.  x  bvh  Gie.  x  cdxq 
xo  xaole.    X  QIO  qc  dId  io  x  afe.    h  Bi  oia  lo 

i3    h  GXCD. 


LESSON   V.  31 


KEY. 

if,     fee,     fie,     calf,    feet,    feed,    fate,    fade,    fight,    fit,    fib, 
fin,    fine,    find,    fig,    fife,    five,    knife,    eve,    cave, 
pave,    navy,    ebb,    egg,    ate,    pci,    bet.    net,    get,    bed, 
dead,    Ned,    fed,    men,    end,    bend,    bent,    meant, 
pat,    bat,    mat,    gnat,    at,    cat,    apt,    acT;,    add,    fad, 
bad,  bag,  gad,   mad,  and,  band,  back,  knack,  fad, 
fag,  packed,   pang,  bang,  fang,    gang. 

A  fine  calf.      A  deep  cave.      Take  a  fig.      1   ate   five. 
I  gave  Ned  a  big  cat.     Ned  gave  me  a  fine  knife. 
Dick  made  Ned  fight.      Bad  Dick.      Be  aftive,   Kate.      A 
maddening  fight.      Many  dead  men.      A  petted  kitten. 
I'm  dead  beat.    It  gave  me  many  a  pang.     I  ate  an  egg. 
A  man    mad.    A  madman.     A  main  fad.    Apt  at  fighting. 
Apt  at  fibbing.    Ned  meant  it.     A  bad  gang.      A  knack  at 
ading.     A   cat   may   peep   at   a   king.     I   may   pack   it 
if  I  can. 


32  LESSON   VI. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  one  aftion  illustrated  in  the  two  consonant  cuts 
in  Lesson  VI.  yields  the  li  it  siting  sound,  sh,  and  its 
vocalized    variety,  -{/^ 

The  sounds  of  sh  and  ^/z  are  very  often  commenced 
from  a  shut  position,  forming  the  compound  tsh  and  d^h. 
In  pronouncing  these  compound  articulations  only  the  first 
half  of  a  /  or  d  is  used.  The  full  consonant  /  (or  d) 
consists  of  a  shut  position  and  an  acl:ion  of  separation ; 
but  in  any  combination, — such  as  tsh — the  /  is  not  finished 
independently.  The  sound  of  tsh  (or  t/{/;)  may,  there- 
fore, be  considered  merely  as  /  (or  d)  finished  in  the 
hushing   position. 

The  •  Vowel  cuts  show  the  positions  which  the 
tongue  and  the  lips  simultaneously  assume  for  the  sounds 
of  00,  as  in  food,  good.  These  two  sounds  differ  in 
the  clear  labial  quality  of  the  first,  and  the  comparative 
dulness   and   indefiniteness   of  the    second. 

The  latter  "wide"  quality  of  oo  is  heard  before  r, 
as  in  poor,  sure ;  and  also  wherever  the  sound  is  short, 
as  in  book,  could,  -vcould.  The  narrower  sound  of  oo,  as 
in    food,  is  always  long. 

The  lips  are  often  unnecessarily  pouted  or  compressed 
in  forming  the  sound  of  oo.  The  labial  aperture  should 
be  merely  narrowed. 


LESSON  VI. 


33 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


Q 


i     i 


^2mn^ 


34 


LESSON  VI. 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

Q[,  Qh,  Q^D,  Q3sCD,  QlD,  DQlD,  DQ3s(D,  DQl,  DQlD, 
DQlO,  QlCC,  DQlCD,  DQ3s3,  Q3^CD.  OQCCD,  QCO, 
OQC3,  QC3,  Ql3.  DQfa,  30Qr3.  Qi,  iQl,  QiO, 
QlD,  Di,  Dl,  ©i,  DlD,  DlO,  DiO,  Ql©,  SlCC,  OiD, 
aia.  3lO,  OQl,  3iD,  SlCCQ3sQC,  lOQ,  10S^,  OlQ, 
OlOQ,    3iaQ,    COQ,    aCCDQ,    ICC'QCQS^,     BlDQ,     QQCCC, 

1  DQlD  DQCCD.  1  Q[  QIO.  X  QIdIQ  DQID.  1  QlCD 
Dia.  1  D3xO  DlO.  I  CC3S3  IQQ.  1  QlD  ©fOQ.  1 
QIDl  aCD.  1  QfD-QCD  QlD.  1  33sCC  QlD.  1 
DQHQ  COQICDO.  1  QIB  QS^19.  X  33^02  DQ3j^9.  IDO 
lO  OQlO-OQlO.  310Q  91  X  ©IQ-  QIO  Gi©  3lCD. 
ICD'QCCDQ  X  QiO  QlQ.  X  DQlS  iQi.  X  533^01  3DQl3- 
BICDO.  QQXQ  DQl©  X  DQId.  Dl  Dl  XDQ  ICCD  Dl 
Di  DlD.  QlDDlCD  DQXQ  aXCC  Dl  ID.  ID  BCD  Bl 
DQC3. 


LESSON  VI.  35 

KEY. 

she,  shy,  sheep,  shine,  ship,  chip,  chide,  chew,  cheap, 

chit,  shin,  chin,  chime,  shine,  chain,  shake, 

chafe,  shave,  sheaf,  chief,  achieve,  shoe,   issue,  shook, 

shoot,  to,  two,  do,  put,    boot,  book,  good,   moon,  coop, 

cook,  food,   Jew,  foot,  moonshine,  each,  edge,   dish, 

ditch,  fetch,  age,  cage,  engage,   midge,   Jane, 

gem. 

A   cheap   chain.      A   she  cat.     A  sheepish  chap.     A  good 
book.      A   tight  boot.     A  knife  edge.     A  deep  ditch.     A 
shabby    cape.       A    ship-shape    cap.       A    fine    sheet.      A 
Jewish    agent.     A    sham    jem.       A    line    chime.       Apt 
at    chit-chat.       Fetch    me    a    dish.       Get    good    food. 
Engage  a  good  cook.     A  chief  issue.     A  mighty  achieve- 
ment.      Jack    chewed    a   chip.       Two    to    each    and  two 
to    boot.       Captain    Jack    can    do    it.       it    made    me 
chafe. 


36  LESSON  VII. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  single  position  represented  in  the  two  conso- 
nant cuts  in  Lesson  VII.  produces  the  hissing  sound, 
s,  and   its   vocalized   variety  ^. 

The  difference  between  the  hissing  and  the  hushing 
sounds  {s,  sh,)  will  be  correftly  understood  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  cuts  in  this  and  the  preceding  Lesson. 
For  both  sounds  the  breath  must  flow  over  the  point 
of  the  tongue,  and  therefore  the  tip  must  not  touch  gum 
or  teeth,  or  a  lisp  of  some  kind  will  be  produced. 

The  vowel  cuts  show  the  positions  which  the  tongue 
and  the  lips  simultaneously  assume  for  the  sounds  of  o, 
as  in  old,  ore.  The  quality  of  the  first  is  sharply  labial, 
while  that  of  the  second  is,  from  its  wider  resonance 
cavity,  comparatively  dull   and   indefinite. 

The  latter  sound  is  regularly  used  before  r ;  other- 
wise  it   is   heard   only  in  unaccented   syllables. 

The  vowel  o  is  very  frequently  finished  by  a  motion 
towards  the  closer  position  for  oo — making  the  sound 
diphthongal — [  =  o_oo.)     This    never  takes  place  before  r.  ■ 

In  forming  the  sound  of  o  there  is  no  need  to  purse 
or  compress  the  lips.  Merely  narrow  the  labial  aperture 
in  a  less  degree  than  for  oo. 


LESSON   Vll. 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


y 


}  J 


38  LESSON   VII. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 
Ul,    ory,   L^,    UL^,    Z3h^,    UlD,    OlD,    ICi5,    I2i5,    QIU, 

oiaao.  iQS^Ia  L5iea,  oieaolol,  ^isIq^iSiq,  diq, 
DiD.  oiD,  ulcc,  Da3^,  occKe,  uj3,  },  }a,  }a, 

}D3xCD,    }DC,    2i5}CC,    CDTODO,    31000.    IQJiSlSlCC. 

UlD  03^0  03s  2.53;^Ci5.  1  DQCCCQ^^fS  OlCC.  OS^C82i5 
1^15  B}UD  OOlQl.  3ICDr  fSiS  33;^  3lCDar.  0}CDa  Dl 
0}   DjOOfe.     1   33sCD  IQODlCCa     1   QlO    D3:^2i50    QIO. 

X  0C3  oC3le2i5  Diea.    xcd  xa^OL'^yrs  oxQ.    X 

DlQ    OiD-QiQ.     OJCDO   Ol^J  Di   Dl  JDlOlXCDO. 
BjCDfG    SXCC02i5    CD}    DCCD.      3s     OXCDD     0J3     Dl    OS^CCD. 
D3-   OlB   X   2^a3s    Q}W    ODfOl    UCC}.      BliSr    OlO 

©lale  X  DjoCD}  DXOQ.    Id  I^iS  x  ^iSlQ^iSxei  3x020. 

DC   DjOOlCDS^    Ice    XD3XCD0.     XQ^tSXalCO   fO    CDXQOO 

D3sQ.    djgjd  dI  u}  3xaoo. 


LESSON   VII.  )9 

KEY. 

sea,    cease,     ease,    seize,     size,     sip,     sit,     is.     as,     gas, 

scene,    sake,    safety,    savings,    said,    segment, 

sects,    icgis,    sani<,    sanctity,    zigzag,    sash, 

soup,    sat,    soon,    sky,    snowing,    salve,    oh,    oak,    oat, 

postage,     potato,    boasting,     don't,     know,    moan,     coat, 

code,    coincidence,    foe,     phonetic,     showman,     open, 

opine,     obey,     zone,     next,    vexed,     examine. 

Sit    side    by    side.       A    changing     scene.         James 
is  most  steady.     Fanny  is  my  fancy.     Don't  be 
so    boasting.      A    fine    expanse.      A    good    sized    cat. 
A    safe    savings    bank.       An    expensive    sash        A 
big    soup-dish.       Don't    cease    to    be    obedient. 
Moaning    mends    no    pain.       1    sent    salve    to    Jane. 
So    dim    a  sky    shows    speedy    snow.       Busy    Dick 
digging    a    potato  patch.       It    is    a    zigzag    fence. 
Pay    postage    in    advance.       Examine    it    next 
time.     Don't    be  so  vexed. 


40  LESSON   VIII. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

In  forming  the  lisping  sound,  ///,  illustrated  in  this 
Lesson,  the  tip  of  the  tongue  touches  the  teeth  (or  the 
gum),  and  partially  intercepts  the  breath,  while  leaving 
interstices  over  the  edges  of  the  tip,  through  which  the 
breath   escapes. 

The  position  of  the  tongue  is  the  same  as.  for  s, 
save   for  the  contact   of  the   tip. 

The  tongue  is  sometimes  obtruded  between  the  teeth, 
but   this   is   ungraceful. 

The  sounds  of  vocal  and  non-vocal  th  (as  in  tJien, 
thin,)  are  not  distinguished  in  ordinary  orthography,  both 
being  represented  by  th;  but  there  is  the  same  difference 
between  them   as  between  /  and   v,  s   and   :(,  t  and   d. 

The  vowels  introduced  in  Lesson  Vlll.  {aw,  o)  are 
formed  by  depression  of  the  tongue  at  the  back  of  the 
mouth,  while  the  labial  aperture  is  slightly  rounded. 
The  difference  between  these  vowels  is  simply  that  the 
organic  quality  of  aw  is  strongly  defined,  while  that  of 
6,  by  its  wider  resonance  cavity,  is  comparatively  weak 
and  obscure.     The  first  sound  is  long;   the  second  short. 

A   comparison   of  the  cuts  in  Lessons  VI.,   VII.,  Vlll., 
will  manifest  the  progressive  descent   of  the   back   of  the 
tongue,    and    expansion    of    the    labial    aperture,    for   the 
vwels   0,  00,  aw. 


LESSON   Vlll. 


4» 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


U 


/ 


iS 


J   J 


^,^|rfflj^. 


42  LESSO>J   VIII. 

WORDS   AND  SENTENCES. 

ISlB,     Wis,     UL&O,     UIDQ,     Uh     mi,     631,    65C, 
6319,    hSl^,    2«5ICCD,    ISLW,    t^fG,    6510,    ^L^,     &5}2i5,    &S}, 
2JJO,     DlZJ,    Oi65,    ®X2^,    }£^,     D}£J,     QJG,     DJCC,     CCJ, 
DJCD0,     OJCCr,     OJCDia,     QJCD,     ©JCC,     CCJO,     CCJO, 

ajofcs^,  XO'OJcolQO. 

Id  rsis  1  ufe  cDjo  jacc*  uio  j3.    q}cdo  Dfoi 

Z^IDQD    ajDfOS^    XCDO    QJCD'DXCDOlCiJ    93sCi3®.      DJ9  L^ 
15}0    Di   Df   Dl    l'3iaOICD.      WL   12}   OCS   ID    QJCC. 
alD   ai   2*51   CDJCC    3iDD3L3.     DCQ    1    D3L5    fCD    551   Ol. 
1   310013    Oi   Oie^Ca,    DIQ-CO   XCDO    QXCCr    CCIO-       1 
BW    Dl'QfCCre   B[    BCQ   X   QiO   X^CCDlS.     1   QlQ 

Dl'Qfcere  j3cc»  9Cay  x  ©X®  xccole.    x  ole^jes 

ODiOQ.       3x   QJO    2i5r   2^13.      X   QJOl   a3xCD0   J3    BXCD. 


LESSON   VIII.  43 

KEY. 

theme,    thing,    think,    thatch,    thaw,     the,    thee,    they, 

them,  then,  thence,  thin,  thief,  that,  these,  those,  though, 

thought,  teeth,  tooth,  deaths  oath,  both,  gong,  pawn,  gnaw, 

pond,    tawny,   tonic,   don,  dawn,    not,  nought, 

often,    awe,    awed,    odd,    thong,    song,    novice,    gawky, 
cottage,    astonished. 

It  is   a    thing   not    often    thought    of.      Don't   be   too 
positive.      I    think   she   is   a    gem.       Give    me   a 
thatched    cottage    and    contented    mind.       Tom    is 
thought  to    be   too    affeded.       The  thaw   came  at  dawn. 
Keep  to  the  known  footpath.      Take   a   bath   in   the  sea. 
A  victim  to   toothache,    backache,    and    many   aches.      A 
bad   beginning   may    make   a    good    ending.      A    good 
beginning   often    makes   a   bad    ending.      A    sing-song 
speech.     1  caught  the  thief.     A  gawky  kind  of  man. 


44  LESSON   IX. 

TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  first  cut  in  this  Lesson  shows  the  formation  of 
consonant  r.  The  breath  (or  voice)  strikes  against  the 
raised  point  of  the  tongue  and  communicates  to  it  more 
or  less   of  vibration. 

The  second  cut  shows  the  formation  of  the  vowel 
er.  The  body  of  the  tongue  is  in  the  same  position  as 
for  /',  but  the  point  is  flattened  so  as  to  have  no  influ- 
ence  on   the   sound. 

The  "glide"  sound  of  r,  as  in  ear,  is  intermediate 
between  consonant  r  and  the  vowel  cr.  It  is  more  like 
the  vowel  than  the  consonant,  but  has  the  tongue 
slightly  lifted  so  that  the  sound  easily  passes  into  that 
of  the   consonant.     Thus :  ear — earache. 

The  vibrated  /'  is  heard  only  before  a  vowel.  The 
"glide"  /-  is  heard  only  after  a  vowel.  This  sound 
might  be  considered  a  vowel  but  that  it  does  not  make 
a   syllable. 

The  third  cut  shows  the  formation  of  a  "wide" 
variety  of  a,  heard  before  r,  as  in  air,  care,  bear.  The 
quality  of  this  vowel  resembles  that  of  e;  but  the  cav- 
ity between  the  tongue  and  the  gum  is  slightly  smaller, 
while   that   behind   the   tongue   is   larger. 

The  influence  of  >  on  preceding  vowels  is  seen  in 
the  sounds  of  a,  6,  oo ;  as  in  ail,  air ;  old,  ore;  pool, 
poor;  where  the  sounds  are  "widened"  to  coalesce  with 
the  open   quality  of  glide  r. 


LHSSON    IX. 


45 


ILLUSTRATIVH   CUTS. 


(i)  1 


<K 


46  LESSON    IX. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

(j>lO,    (1)10,    (j)i3,    (1)3^,    Ci)3sD,    (i)3sO,    ^hO,    Ci)3s9, 
(i)3?i3,    (i^fSCC*,    (1)10,   Ci)rOCLit,   (1)10,    (i)fO,   (i)f3.   (1)10, 
(1)16,    (1)160,    (1)13(1)13,    (i)rDQ,    (1)10$^.   Ci)iO,   (i)!®, 
Cl)1B,    Ci)la,    (i)i3,    (i)iS^,    (JIBCDICCD;    ^I^,    UDl'i,   3Ii, 
3I:^QS^rCD,    9Xy,   DI>^3iaD,    OI^B,   QS^I^S,   DI^O,   QlyOf, 
OSQlPiO,    Ql'iD,    eX^Q,    CCl!^3,    3X^9,    3XiBlBIC0O. 
['i,    WLi,    (1)1^,    [y,    3Ci,    aCb!,    DCi!,    (i)Ci!,     D(i)Ci,     D(i)CXv!. 
3sy,    03si,    Qijsy,    03sXi,    33w,    3Ji,    9Jx,    DJv,    QJvO, 
QJ-^O,    3Jy9Xi.    Di^.    Qlii,    9is!,    QiX^,   Qll'i.    ©}y,  3}«, 
UDK    (i)}i,    (i)Hv,    0}i!,    ^Ei,    SlDXi,    D[DXi,    i^h, 
3rQiy,    SlS^ly,    D(i)lS^l(i)Xb:. 

2«5ly^   (i)lB   3}v!   LSd)!   Di   (i)3?iCD   ICC   65f   QlQ.      Ql   f^iS  1 
DXi3iaO    DCi)lS^ii.     2«5C    (i)}CD    ICD   1   3}i!-}i!0    D}0.      CDJD 
Bh   t^lCD    3}i    (i)Hi2i5.     QS^JCC   I^iS   1   3Xb!0a-(i)C0 
3Jv8Xi.     1   D(i)ror   3CU    CDlOSiS    CC3-   0)1$^.      Ql   (i)}0    3}i! 
551   (i)tQ    OD(i)3;^DO    Dla       Id    CDlQ^iS   1   81CC   J3    3X^9 
CDXv3    Ol    UOl'i   ICD    631   9lOXi!.     1  0)1©    XOIQ    D3s   1 
(i)r3(i)X3    0(1)1.        &5C     9[Q    1   3X^3lCDO    D(i)Ci    ICD    65l« 
Q33si    CDI©.     551   OXDQfCC    65100   OiO  lD(i)}D(i)r[0 
BXS^ivSiS.     651   (i)IO(i)IlCCO    (i)I9CDlCCO    (i^XCC   }3l'i    651 
(1)1©$^.    651^^    (i)iB    XO    551  DJD.      65li2i5  X3X^  ^iB  ^U, 


LESSON   IX.  47 

KHY. 

Reap,   read,   recM".   rye.   ripe,   ride,   ri^'ht,   rhyme, 

rife,   riven,  rip,   written,   rib,   rid,   rim,   rig, 

ring,  rink,  riffraff,    rich,   ridge,  root,  rude, 

room,   rook,   roof,   rouge,   remnant,  sir,   stir,   fir. 

virgin,   myrrh,   perfect,   term,   germ,   bird,   dirty, 

jerk,  shirt,  gird,  nerve,   firm,   lirmament. 

ear,   near,   rear,  air,   fair,  care,   bear,    rare,    prayer,  pray-er, 

ire.   tire,   dire,   dyer,  tire,  far,   mar,   bar,   cart, 

guard,  farmer,   poor,  sure,   moor,  doer,   shoer,  door,   four, 

store,  roar,  rower,  sore,  sower,  matter,  paper,  azure, 

fissure,  measure,  treasurer. 

There's    room   for   three    to   ride    in   the   gig.      She    is   a 
perfect  treasure.     They  rowed  in  a  four-oared  boat.     Not 
more    than    four    rowers.      John    is    a    first-rate 
farmer.      A    pretty   face    needs    no   rouge.     She  wrote  for 
the    red    striped    piece.       It   needs    a    man    of  firm 
nerve    to   stir    in    the    matter.      A    rude    attack    by    a 
riffraff  crew.       They    made    a    fervent    prayer    in    their 
dire    need.      The    captain    then    took    appropriate 
measures.     The  recreant  remnant  ran  over  the 
ridge.     There's  room  at  the  top.    There's  ever  room  there, 
be   sure. 


48  LESSON   X. 


/ 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  consonant  cut  in  this  Lesson  shows  the  forma- 
tion of  the  sound  of  /.  The  broadened  point  of  the 
tongue  is  in  contaft  with  the  upper  gum,  and  the  voice 
passes  with  pure  sonorousness  through  the  free  aper- 
tures  over   the   sides. 

L,  like  the  nasals,  generally  loses  its  vocality  before 
•  non-vocal  consonants  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  else, 
milk,   help. 

Non-vocal  /  is  almost  inaudible,  but  the  side  aper- 
tures over  the  tongue  may  be  contracfled  so  as  to  give 
hissing  audibility  to  the  breath.  This  is  the  formation 
of  Welch  //,  which  to  a  strange  ear  sounds  like  th  or 
thl.     (Compare   cuts   in    Lessons    VIII.   and   X.) 

The  vowel  cut  shows  the  attitude  of  the  tongue  for 
the  two  sounds  tl  and  a{sk).  The  difference  between 
these  is  that  the  first  has  a  degree  of  guttural  quality 
which  the  second  lacks,  because  of  its  widened  reson- 
ance cavity.  The  sound  a{sk)  resembles  ah,  but  the  root 
of  the  tongue  is  less  depressed. 

The  vowel  in  ask  is  the  first  element  in  the  diph- 
thongs f  and  on{t).     See  Lessons   I.    and  XI. 


LESSON    X. 


49 


ILLUSTRATIVH   CUTS. 


3    3 


so  LESSON  X. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

COlD,    COfCC.    COfQ.    GOfS^li,    OOlydJlS,    COIDO^Q,    OOIDI^, 
COL®S^I'£,    OOI^S^fDOOK    COIDCOk    GOfCOf,    COlOXCiJIGO, 

corajfaico,   coroiCi^Ou)!.   cofDiuico.  cois,   cola,  coC^. 

COCli!.    CO}i,    GOHi.   GOCOOOr.   GOIDIyOOl,    OOIvCDrS,   COJiOQ, 

3D,    ]a    ]DIy,    ]GCOr,    33CC*,    ]ea00».    ]CD©]CD,    ]QIi!, 
]C0ar9CO,  ]vCC,   CDl^^Iur.   D]y©CCi,   alyOfce,    aliCDlQ, 
DlCelQQlCiSO,   ©Ci)]eaiCD,    (i)I3]G0Q]CD,    (i)r3lCi5Ci5S^3ia>; 
D30,   D30D.    3323Q.    3300,    330CDk    0)3^0,    93DO, 
D325,   D32^,    3^0,    a3CDD,    OS^3CDO. 

QI  r^iS   I   COliOJlG   COfDCOi   DQJiBIb!.     Dl   930Q    COIsCDIG 
QCQO  039   DlDOOi  3ICD.     1  0)3x01^  J3   DCi^fOl  COfCi^IaO. 
QCi)CO    To   1   3Ci    ICDO    C033GOr    QI^CO.       liSi    BICD    fO   1 
Diy  DlOlSloa  0(i)3GaiCC    (i)lOQ.     1   OICDOCOIO 
a)re9l(i)}C0    ODjCi^r.     039   ICD0    coia   lO    651   COlB. 
3Gacoi  ooicco  65X9  651  93ci>r    Ol    D3s    ICD    33CD*.      93s 
Q3CC0   }CO0    3CDD    D}GO0    30    JCO.     I   0X^030)   }3 
OS^30S^9lCt)0    XCCO    OroaCi)XQ3Ci5.     DCi)l3   JCO  2^fG0 
ICC®   QlD    3300    2*51  al0.       fO    fO    Ci)33    X^C®    ©S^XvOf 
G5Ci)3s3rG   }3Xi    Ci)C00O.     Ql   ^fOO   QJOO   13    Qf    D30fO 
D3x   2*5f   QXO   }3r0. 


LLSSON   X.  51 

KHY. 

leap,  lean,  league,  leisure,  leering,  leopard,   letter, 

ledger,  legible,  little,  lily,  literal, 

lyrical,  literary,  liberal,  loom,  look,  lair, 

layer,  lore,  lower,  lately,   latterly,   learning,   large, 

elevate,  almanac,  animal,   altruism,   parallel; 

up,   us,   utter,   ugly,   oven,   uncle,   undone,   usher. 

ultimate,  urn,  nursery,  burden,  curtain,  lurnish, 

punishment,  drunken,  revulsion,  revengeful; 

pass,  past,  fast,   vast,   fasten,  last,    mast, 

path,  bath,  aunt,  can't,  jaunt. 

She  is  a  leering  little  charmer.      Too  much  learning 

makes   some    people    mad.      A    writer    of   pretty    lyrics. 

Grace    is    a   fair   and   lovely    girl.      The    man    is    a 

poor,    pitiful,    drunken    wretch.      A    senseless 

rigmarole   story.      Come   and    look   at   the   loom. 

Uncle    lent    them    the    money    to    buy    an    oven.        My 

gaunt    old    aunt   told    us    all.      A    person    of 

judgment    and    discretion.      Prove   all   things 

•and    keep  fast    the    good.      It    is    rough    and   jerky 

driving   over   rails.      She    will    call    if  she    passes 

by  the  gas  office. 


52  LESSON  XI. 


TEACHERS'   PAGE. 

The  cuts  in  Lesson  XI.  illustrate  the  formation  of  the 
consonants  zvh  in  whey,  and  w  in  way.  These  are  fre- 
quently confounded,  especially  in   the   South   of  England. 

The  sound  of  zvh  is  often  stated  to  be  a  compound 
of  h  and  oo;  but  it  is  really  a  simple  element,  bearing 
the   same   relation   to   zv   that   s   bears   to  {;,  or  /  to  v. 

IVh  is  not  pronounced  before  the  letter  o,  but  the 
aspirate,  h  is  substituted,  as  in  whole,  zvho,  whose,  whom. 

The  sound  of  w  resembles  the  vowel  oo,  but  with 
oral  compression  added, — which  converts  the  vowel  into 
a  consonant. 

The  w  glide  is  intermediate  between  zv  and  oo.  It 
is  heard  as  the  closing  element  in  the  diphthong  ou{t). 
(See   Lesson    X). 

The   combination   qu   has  the   sound  of  kw. 


LHSSUN     XI, 


53 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


» 


32 


54  LESSON  XI. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

DfD.  Dfo,  laro.  a3so.  raho.  djd.  ^joq,  9jy, 

!3]CDCi5Iy.    9JCCO.    3}CDO.    SiSlCC.    Sf 9ICD :    ^Cv,    ^C^. 
Dice,    QICC4)0[.    D3;^C0.    93^001,    DfOO,    Dim'i,     ^Wl'i, 
lOIyGODlGO,    ^liGOSfCDO.    SCGOCQ.    91Q]CC,    3lQCCt. 

32O.   3ii.   ccji  3jC0.   D3?i.    D3?QIi.   a}jcc.   D3iyCi)fG. 
©3jlos^Ii.  33jccDrct5.   cc3?cc.   a3jCDor,  q3jcc,   e(i)3iC0, 

33ilC0.    3(i)32CC.    003200.    33jDQ.    a3jOQ,    03?CCO. 
033^^.    3G032CCCDIX.    L33jOlCLi©. 

DIW   SICDD   551^   D3s  ICC    [QS^,   OfCDO   tiSf  QCiJCO   300]CD, 
D]0    fO    3}2i5    3C3Q     ^IZj^    B}i    651CC    ^165    S]CC    SICC  ? 

JCO    2*51    ^liCOQ^iS   1    UOCOQ. 

ICC0    JCO    651   QICD    ICCO    ^IBICD    91^001    DGOClyJiS. 

J3   ICCOUlCCU   Dl    1    QSJUIGO:    D]a,    DlfS    fCD, 
DCi    To    65ID    651   JD'}65Ii    SC    Dl^C^    J3    h5[. 

651   I300»    65IO    QICC    Ql    001365    3301^    6519. 
651    QlQ    165    J3D    ICC'DIUIQ    9165    65Ci!    D}CC65. 

6510   1D]3    JOO.— Di    653sCC    }CD    OI003    Dl    00)1, 
ICeQ    Id    9:oa    3J00}.    X65    651    CC3SO    65f    ©C 
6532    QICCOO    CDJD    65ICC    Dl    3J00O    Di    ICCi   3]CD. 


LESSON  XI.  55 

KEY. 

Whip,   whit,   wit,   white,   wight,   what,   watch,   war. 
warrior,   whack,   wag,   wax,   wing,   which,   witch, 
whiff,   wafer,   whirr,   word,   world,  one,  once, 
wonder,   wand,   won't,   woman,   women;    wear,  where, 
when.  Wednesday,  while,   wily,  whist,  whether,  weather, 
whirlpool,   whirlwind,*  waylaid,   wagon,   wooden, 
out,  our,  now,  owl,   power,   powder,  town,  towering, 
dowager,   mountain,   noun,  county,  gown,  growl, 
vowel,  frown,  scowl,  vouch,  couch,  sound, 
south,  flounder,  thousand. 

When  went  there  by  an  age,  since  the  great    flood. 
But  it  was  fam'd  with  more  than  with  one  man  ? 

All  the  world's  a  stage, 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

Beware 

Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel :  but,  being  in. 

Bear  it  that  the  opposer  may  beware  of  thee. 

The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them. 
The  good  is  oft  interred  with  their  bones. 

This  above  all, — to  thine  own  self  be  true. 
And  it  must  follow,  as  the  night  the  day. 
Thou  canst  not  then  be  false  to  any  man. 


56  LESSON  XII. 


TEACHER'S    PAGE. 

The  cut  in  this  Lesson  shows  the  tormation  of  con- 
sonant y,  as  in  ye,  yon.  The  position  of  the  tongue  is 
the  same  as  for  the  vowel  e,  but  with  oral  compres- 
sion added — which  converts  the  vowel  into  a   consonant. 

The  name-sound  of  U, —  under  any  orthography — 
when  not  preceded  by  r  or  by  the  sound  of  sli — begins 
with  y.  Consequently  y  must  be  recognized  in  such 
words  as  pew,  due,  view,  cure,  beauty,  suit,  music,  acute, 
Tuesday,  ague,  virtue,  pidure,  fortune. 

The  letter  e  sometimes,  and  the  letter  /,  frequently, 
have  the  sound  of  y;  as  in  righteous,  cliristian,  opinion, 
filial,  Asia. 

The  y  glide  is  intermediate  between  y  and  e.  It  is 
the  closing  part  of  the  diphthong  i  (See  Lesson  I.)  In 
the  present  Lesson  the  same  glide  appears  as  the  clos- 
ing element  of  the  diphthong  oi,  oy.  The  first  element 
of  this  diphthong  is  the  same  as  the  vowel  6  in  Les- 
son  VIII. 

The  last  symbol  in  this  Lesson  represents  the  aspi- 
rate, h.  This  element  is  a  mere  outbreathing,  and  should 
have  no  guttural  or  other  compression. 


LtSSON   Xll. 


57 


ILLUSTRATIVH   CUTS. 


(luirrv^^s 


"'^^^ 


58  LESSON   XII. 

WORDS  AND  SENTENCES. 

(^L     f^lCO}.     (T)Jy©,     (T)JCO,     (T)l^,      (T^XiCC,      (^]S,      (T)}a,       9(1^1^ 

3Jia(T)lCD.  XaOf^llOO,  BlCDCTilCC,  3CCn]CC,  310l>(T)XCDO;  DJx, 
DJs,    ajs,    0S^Ji,  JsCO,    DJsCO.    ODJj^CO,     Q^^JsCCO,    JsOOIx, 

OlO,  OlQ.  013,  Oly,  oroO,  Ol2^.  Ol65ICi),  03sD.  03sO, 
OfO.  OfO.  033,  OJ3.  OI3,  01^.5.  OlO,  OlQ,  OfCDQIi, 
OlajUl.  OfG+OO*,  OfCDCDS^.  OfGO.  Ol^SIiOl,  OICCO,  OCv.  oCco, 
OC^O.  OC2j5,  OIQ,   Old)!©.    OliiO.  OJ.i2i5.    03^00.   O33DC0», 

o3eeici)r,  030)1,  o3co,  o}d,  o}q,  oie,  oioos^,   oidicd, 

OXO,  OXO,  OXCD0,  OJilS,  OJi3  OJi9}CCr,  OJUlO.  Oi,  Oi2i5, 
OiD,  OlD,  Ol3,  O}00,  0}2i5,  OJ^OfOO,  OJ2i5Ii,  OJt^JiiCD, 
0(T)1,  OCT)iQQ,  0(T)l9Xii). 

or  Ci3S^Xi3ai3  XO   Oajy2i5  2»5XO  CCX3Ii!  3XC0O  1  ^iCDQ. 

or   OX2^   1   Oh   3Ji    DlOf,    X^Q5    I   OXCDQ    }DXCD   l^    ©C 

3ji  Bxcoofe  oQxa)rof. 

2j5f   OXCD®   J3    COlDCOt    X9D00J;^9XCCO    OX^S    ^Sf    OCCCDll^ 

OXCCy. 
C03;^O  3}DU  OCco   0^130  55}  QCi)COIi   O3G02i5   0(i)J  QlD. 
JGO    DCOCl5l2i5   2ji3XO    2«5f   3?i  J3    OX3CD    31^100   Ji, 

Oi  1  93?;2i5   91CC,  DJiQO   XCCQ    OXDl   OC3CD*2i5. 
ULO    Di    COl'BX^O  3Ji    £i5XO     I5h    QXCCOO    CDJO  OXCOO, 

XCCO  003CDr  OXCOD  3Ji:  65XO  DIQQ  &63i  COl'QX^DOO. 
ml?j5  X3lCi)f    9XCC    I'ajyQlS   Oi    Of^iS  Ol'^iSI^O.  XCCO    Ol 

QXOO   rOQCD   afDlG? 
31  Oi  D(i)C  3Ji!  Bly^r,  XCDO  &5XO    UlB   DiiiU  Q]13  OlOQ 

30  JCO   Oi  (i>XCCOXi:   (i6r  OlOO  J3    QJiOl. 


LESSON  XII.  ^9 

KEY. 

ye,  yellow,  yard,  yon,  youth,  yearn,  young,  yoke,  mew, 
new,    cue,    gewgaw,    few,    sue,    duty,    feature,    picture, 
fortune,    actual,    minion,    onion,    valiant;    toy, 
boy,    coy,    joy,    oil,    soil,   spoil,    joint,    oyster, 
noise,    ointment,    loyal,    royal,   enjoy,    t-mploy,    he, 
heat,  heed,  heave,  here,  heal,  heath,  heathen,  height,  hide, 
hit,    hid,    half,    halve,    have,    his,    hiss,    him,    hinder, 
hickory,    higgle,    hinge,    hill,    hitherto,    hence,    hair,    hail, 
haste,    haze,    head,    herring,    hearse,    hers,    hurl,   humble, 
hungry,   hurry,   hull,   hope,   home,   hang,   health,  happen, 
hat,  had,  hand,  hearth,  harm,  harmony,  horrid,  who,  whose, 
hoop,  hoot,  whom,  host,  hose,  hostile,  hawser,  hawthorn, 
hue,  huge,  human. 

He  jests  at  scars  that  never  felt  a  wound. 

He  hath  a  tear  for  pity,  and  a  hand  open  as  day 

for  melting  charity. 
The  hand  of  little  employment  hath  the  daintier 

sense. 
Light  boats  sail  swift,  though  greater  hulls  draw  deep. 
All  places  that  the  eye  of  heaven  visits  are, 

to  a  wise  man,  ports  and  happy  havens. 
Cease  to  lament  for  that  thou  canst  not  help, 

and  study  help  for  that  which  thou  lament'st. 
Use  every  man  according  to  his  desert,  and  who 

shall  escape  whipping  ? 
We  do  pray  for  mercy,  and  that  same  prayer  doth  teach 

us  all  to  render  the  deeds  of  mercy. 


6i 


TEACHHR'S  PAGE. 

UNIVERSAL  VOWKL  TABLE. 

The  following  Universal  Vowel  Table  will  be  valuable 
for  reference. 

(/)     Front  yoivels: — all  English  sounds. 

f,  (',  as  in  eel.  Always  long  when  accented.  Apt  to  be 
changed  to  f  or  T  in  unaccented  syllables.  In  the  prefixes 
be,  ife,  re,  se,  etc.,  the  pure  I  should  be  preserved. 

f,  1,  as  in  ///.  Heard  in  the  plural  syllable  es,  as  in  fishes, 
places,,  etc.;  and  also,  instead  oft  in  unaccented  syllables, 
as  in  maintain,  SfCCOCCD.  certain.  DIiiiOrCD,  alu^ays, 
JC0?3f2i5.  etc.  Tends  to  T  in  unaccented  syllables  as  in  readi- 
ness, iOl^l^lU;  pitiful.  DlDlaiO). 

C,  a  as  in  ale.  Often  terminates  with  y-glide  forming 
the  diphthong  [s.     Changed  to  C,  or  sometimes  I.  betbre  r. 

C,  as  in  air.  Long  only  before  r.  Short  C  is  heard  in- 
stead of  I  in  the  terminations  es,  eJ.  etc..  in  verbs;  and  in 
unaccented  syllables,  as  in  explain.  COODCOCCC,  argument, 

X,  e,  as  in  ell.  Dulled  into  C.  in  unaccented  syllables. 
Apt  to  be  elided  in  terminations  after  /  or  J,  as  in  patent, 
student,  etc. 


62 

X»  a,  as  in  a^.  Tends  to  1  in  unaccented  syllables,  as 
a£tual,  iaO(T)iX00;  madinan,  BISSlCC.  Apt  to  be  elided 
in"  terminations,  as  m  fatal,  literal,  general,  etc. 

(2)     Front  Round  Fowels: — all  Foreign  sounds. 

f  German  ii. 
f  variety  of  German  ii. 
■£  Scotch  shoe;  French  dil. 
i  variety  of  French  u. 
\  German  6 ;  French  eii. 
\  Cockney  on  as  in  out. 

{j)     Bach  k^owels. 

1  A  common  Gaelic,  Russian  and  Chinese  vowel.  En- 
deavour to  pronounce  00  without  using  the  lips,  and  the 
tongue  will  be  felt  to  rise  into  this  "high  back"  position 

1,  the  drawling  vowel — ////,  uh,  uli,  etc.  Heard  instead 
of  3  in  the  terminations  lion,  tious  etc. 

]  u,  as  in  shun,  urge,  etc.  Tends  to  1  in  unaccented 
syllables. 

3  a  in  ask,  path,  etc.  With  y-glide  forms  the  diph- 
thong i,  as  in  mind,  93sCt)Q ;  and  with  w-glide  forms  the 
diphthong  01c,  as  in  noiv,  G532.  In  unaccented  syllables 
tends  to  1  or  X. 

J  Scotch  Li,  as  in  run,  come,  etc. 

J,  Italian  ah,  The  "low  back  wide  "  vowel.  In  un- 
accented   syllables   changed   to   3,  as   in    barbarian,  33^:- 


61 

(^)     Back  Round  l^our/s: — all  Hni^lish  sounds. 

i,  00,  as  in  foOif.  Alwavs  long.  Never  heard  before  r. 
The  short  i  is  common  in  Scotch  as  in  0\0  (Hnglish  0\0) 
book. 

i,  00,  as  in  poor.  Lonii;  only  before  r.  Short  as  in  put, 
cook.  etc. 

3-,  0  as  in  o/J.  Often  terminates  with  w-glide,  forming 
the  diphthong  }2.  Changed  into  3"  before  r,  and  also  in 
unaccented  syllables. 

3-,  before  r,  as  in  1  Sh-h^  B}0,  a  four-oared  boat 

J,  J  in  a//,  law,  etc.  Always  long.  Changed  to  J  in 
unaccented  syllables. 

J.  6  in  on,  odd,  etc.  Always  short  except  before  r. 
Tends  to  I  when  unaccented. 

( 5  )     Mixed  bowels. 

T  American  I'r  in  sir. 

I  Substitution  for  unaccented  i. 

I  German  e  in  auge. 

1  Article  a.     Substitution  for  unaccented  a. 

I  Provincial  er. 

I  er,  ir,  yr,  as  in  her,  sir,  myrtle. 

{6)     Mixed  Round  bowels. 

T  North-Irish  u  in  tune. 

T  Swedish  //. 

1  Irish  vowel  in  Dublin,  come,  etc. 

1:  Variety  of  the  precedint,^ 

I  Irish  0  in  world,  3i(i)00O. 

i  Irish  vowel  in  her,  sir,  etc.     American  a  in  Chicago, 


64 


TEACHER'S  PAGE. 

READINGS. 

In  the  following  Readings  the  differences  in  quality  be- 
tween accented  and  unaccented  vowels  are  occasionally 
shown. 

The  sign  of  a  "held"  position  (♦)  is  required  only  in 
connexion  with  consonants,  such  as  final  /  and  n  in  little, 
given,  etc.  Vowels  do  not  require  quantitative  indication, 
because  every  given  "quality,"  in  English,  is  invariably  of 
the  same  "  quantity."  Thus  i  and  X  are  always  long,  when 
accented;  1  is  short,  except  before  r;  I  is  always  short,  etc. 
The  vowels  in  the  final  syllables  ant,  ent, — apt  to  be 
elided  as  in  pleasant,  present,  etc.,  — should  always  be 
pronounced. 


65 


READINGS. 

I.     1033^23. 

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73 


KEY  TO  READINGS. 

I.       ADVICE. 

Let  thy  will  be  thy  friend,  thy  mind  thy  companion,  thy 
tongue  thy  servant. — Beloe. 

2.  WISDOM. 

As  water  leaves  the  heights  and  gathers  in  the  depths, 
so  is  wisdom  received  from  on  high  and  preserved  by  a 
lowly  soul. —  Tij/muif. 

3.  HEALTH. 

To  preserve  health  is  a  moral  and  religious  duty,  for 
health  is  the  basis  of  all  social  virtues.  We  can  no  longer 
be  useful  when  not  well. — Johnson. 

4.       STATESMANSHIP. 

The  three  great  ends  for  a  statesman  are  to  give  security 
to  possessors,  facility  to  acquirers,  and  liberty  and  hope  to 
the  people. — Coleriilge. 

S.       FATE. 

Fate  is  the  friend  of  the  good,  the  guide  of  the  wise,  the 
tyrant  of  the  foolish,  and  the  enemy  of  the  bad. — Alger. 


74 

6.       FALSEHOOD. 

A  falsehood  is  a  cripple  that  cannot  stand  alone  but 
needs  another  to  support  it.  It  is  easy  to  tell  a  lie,  but  hard 
to  tell  only  one  lie. — Fuller. 

7.       IDLENESS. 

Do  not  allow  idleness  to  deceive  you,  for  while  you  give 
him  today  he  steals  tomorrow  from  you. — Growquill. 

8.       LOOKS. 

It  is  a  great  dishonor  to  religion  to  imagine  that  it  is  an 
enemy  to  mirth  and  cheerfulness,  and  a  severe  exafter  of 
pensive  looks  and  solemn  faces. — Scott. 

9.       NIGHT   THOUGHT. 

Where  is  the  dust  that  has  not  been  alive  }  The  spade 
and  the  plough  disturb  our  ancestors.  From  human  mould 
we  reap  our  daily  bread. — Young. 

10.       EVERY-DAY    THOUGHT. 

Enjoy  the  blessings  of  today,  and  its  evils  bear  patiently 
and  sweetly ;  for  this  day  only  is  ours :  we  are  dead  to  yes- 
terday, and  are  not  born  to  Xomono'w.— Jeremy  Taylor. 

II.       FRIENDLY    CAUTION. 

Don't  flatter  yourself  that  friendship  authorizes  you  to 
say  disagreeable  things  to  your  intimates.  Except  in  cases 
of  necessity,  which  are  rare,  leave  your  friend  to  learn  un- 
pleasant truths  from  his  enemies ;  they  will  be  ready  enough 
to  tell  them.— 0.  W.  Holmes, 


75 

12.       HXI'KHSSION. 

There  are  faces  so  (luid  with  expression,  so  flushed  and 
rippled  by  the  play  of  thought,  that  we  can  hardly  tind 
what  the  mere  features  really  are.  When  the  delicious 
beauty  of  lineaments  loses  its  power,  it  is  because  a  more 
delicious  beauty  has  appeared — that  an  interior  and  durable 
form  has  been  disclosed. — Emerson. 

\}.      JUDGE    NOT. 

In  men  who  are  esteemed  divine 

We  see  so  much  of  sin  and  blot 
In  men  who  are  denounced  as  ill 

We  see  so  much  of  goodness  still 
How  can  we  draw  dividing  line 

Where  God  himself  has  drawn  it  not! 

— /Itioti. 

14.       LIGHT    LITERATURE. 

We  must  have  books  for  recreation  and  entertainment, 
as  well  as  for  instruction  and  for  business,  The  former  are 
agreeable,  the  latter  useful,  and  the  human  mind  requires 
both.  We  cultivate  the  olive  and  the  vine,  but  without 
eradicating  the  myrtle  and  the  rose. — Ba/^ac. 

1 5.       DEATH. 

What  is  death  ?  To  go  out  like  a  light,  and  in  a  sweet 
trance  to  forget  ourselves  and  all  the  passing  phenomena 
of  the  day  as  we  forget  the  phantoms  of  a  dream ;  to  form, 
as  in  a  dream,  new  connections  with  God's  world;  to  enter 
mto  a  more  exalted  sphere,  and  to  make  new  steps  up 
mans  graduated  ascent  of  creation. —  Tschohke. 


76 

1 6.      TRUTH. 

We  are  all  agreed  that  truth  is  good ;  or,  at  all  events, 
those  who  are  not  agreed  must  be  treated  as  persons  be- 
yond the  pale  of  reason,  and  on  whose  obtuse  understand- 
ings it  would  be  idle  to  waste  an  argument.  He  who  says 
that  the  truth  is  not  always  to  be  told,  and  that  it  is  not  fit 
for  all  minds,  is  simply  a  defender  of  falsehood ;  and  we 
should  take  no  notice  of  him,  inasmuch  as  the  objeft  of  dis- 
cussion being  to  destroy  error,  we  cannot  discuss  with  a 
man  who  deliberately  affirms  that  error  should  be  spared. 
— Buckle. 

17.       HUMAN   LIFE. 

What  is  this  life  but  a  circulation  of  little  mean  anions  ? 
We  lie  down  and  rise  again,  dress  and  undress,  feed  and 
wax  hungry,  work  or  play  and  are  weary,  and  then  we  lie 
down  again  and  the  circle  returns.  We  spend  the  day  in 
trifles,  and  when  the  night  comes  we  throw  ourselves  into 
the  bed  of  folly,  amongst  dreams,  and  broken  thoughts,  and 
wild  imaginations.  Our  reason  lies  asleep  by  us,  and  we 
are  for  the  time  as  arrant  brutes  as  those  that  sleep  in  the 
stalls  or  in  the  field.  Are  not  the  capacities  of  man  higher 
than  of  these  ?  And  ought  not  his  ambition  and  expeda- 
tions  to  be  greater.?  Let  us  be  adventurers  for  another 
world.  It  is  at  least  a  fair  and  noble  chance.  If  we  should 
be  disappointed  we  are  still  no  worse  than  the  rest  of  our 
fellow-mortals ;  and  if  we  succeed  in  our  expectations  we 
are  eternally  happy. — Dr.  Burnet. 


77 

l8.       FAME. 

The  advocates  for  the  love  of  fame  allege  in  its  vindica- 
tion, that  it  is  a  passion  natural  and  universal;  a  tlamc  al- 
ways burning  with  greatest  vigour  in  the  most  enlarged 
and  cultivated  minds;  and  that  the  desire  of  being  praised 
by  posterity  implies  a  resolution  to  deserve  their  praises. 
The  soul  of  man,  formed  for  eternal  life,  naturally  springs 
forward  beyond  the  limits  of  corporeal  existence,  and  rejoices 
to  consider  herself  as  co-operating  with  future  ages,  and  as 
co-extended  with  endless  duration.  The  reproach  of  labour- 
ing for  what  cannot  be  enjoyed  is  founded  on  an  opinion 
which  may  with  great  probability  be  doubted ;  for  since  we 
suppose  the  power  of  the  soul  to  be  enlarged  by  its  separa- 
tion, why  should  we  conclude  that  its  knowledge  of  sub- 
lunary transaiftions  is  contraded  or  extinguished. 

Upon  an  attentive  and  impartial  review  of  the  argument, 
it  will  appear  that  the  love  of  fame  is  to  be  regulated  rather 
than  extinguished;  and  that  men  should  be  taught  not  to  be 
wholly  careless  about  their  memory,  but  to  endeavour  that 
they  may  be  remembered  chiefly  for  their  virtues,  since  no 
other  reputation  will  be  able  to  transmit  any  pleasure  be- 
yond the  grave. 

The  true  satisfadion  which  is  to  be  drawn  from  the  con- 
sciousness that  we  shall  share  the  attention  of  future  times 
must  arise  from  the  hope  that  those  whom  we  cannot  bene- 
fit in  our  lives-  may  receive  instruction  from  our  examples, 
and  incitement  from  our  renown.  — Dr.  Johnson. 


78 

19-       THE   STORY    OF   THE    FLAX. 

The  Flax  stood  in  full  bloom ;  its  flowers  were  of  a  deli- 
cate blue,  soft  as  the  wing  of  a  moth,  but  far  more  beautiful. 
The  sun  shone  upon  the  Flax  and  the  summer  rain  de- 
scended on  it;  and  this  was  good  for  the  plant,  even  as  it  is 
for  a  little  child  to  be  bathed  in  pure  water  and  then  to  re- 
ceive its  fond  mother's  kiss.  The  babe  looks  all  the  more 
lovely  afterwards,  and  thus  it  was  also  with  the  Flax. 

"  People  say  that  I  am  grown  so  tall  and  so  beautiful  " 
said  the  Flax,"  and  that  the  finest  and  best  linen  maybe 
woven  out  of  me:  now,  am  I  not  happy  ?" 

But  one  day  there  came  people  who,  seizing  the  Flax  by 
its  head,  pulled  it  up  by  the  roots;  this  was  painful.  Then 
it  was  laid  in  water  that  it  might  become  soft;  and  then  it 
was  placed  over  a  slow  fire  as  if  it  was  to  be  baked.  Oh, 
it  was  sad  work ! 

"  One  cannot  expeft  to  be  always  prosperous,"  said  the 
Flax;  "one  must  suffer  now  and  then,  and  thereby,  per- 
haps, a  little  wisdom  may  be  gained." 

But  matters  seemed  to  grow  worse  and  worse.  After 
the  flax  had  been  soaked  and  baked  it  was  beaten  and 
hackled:  neither  could  it  guess  the  meaning  of  all  that  was 
inflided.  At  length  it  was  placed  on  the  spinning  wheel. 
Ah!  It  was  not  easy  to  colled  one's  thoughts  in  this  posi- 
tion. 

"I  have  been  extremely  happy,"  thought  the  patient 
Flax  amid  all  its  sufferings;  "one  ought  to  be  contented 
with  the  good  things  one  has  already  enjoyed.     Oh!"    The 


79 

words  were  scarcely  uttered  when  the  well  spun  thread 
was  placed  in  the  loom.  The  whole  of  the  Flax,  even  to 
the  last  fibre,  was  used  in  the  manufacture  of  a  single  piece 
of  fine  linen. 

"  Well,  this  is  really  extraordinary;  what  have  I  done  to 
deserve  so  happy  a  fote  ?  My  web  is  so  stout  and  so  fine, 
so  white  and  so  smooth.    I  could  not  be  happier  than  1  am." 

Now  was  the  piece  of  linen  carried  into  the  house  and 
then  submitted  to  the  scissors.  Oh,  how  unmercifully  was 
it  nicked  and  cut  and  stitched  with  needles!  That  was  by 
no  means  agreeable;  but  from  this  single  piece  were  cut 
garments  for  the  comfort  of  the  household.  "Oh,  what  a 
blessing  is  this  that  I  am  allowed  to  produce  something  that 
is  needful  to  mankind.  What  extraordinary  good  fortune 
is  this!" 

And  years  passed  on,  and  the  linen  was  now  quite 
worn  out. 

"  1  shall  very  soon  be  laid  aside,"  said  each  one  of  the 
garments;  "I  would  gladly  have  lasted  longer,  but  one 
must  not  desire  impossibilities." 

So  they  were  torn  into  strips  and  shreds;  and  it  seemed, 
now,  as  if  all  was  over  with  the  worn-out  linen,  for  it  was 
hacked,  and  soaked,  and  baked,  and  what  more  it  scarcely 
knew,  until  it  became  fine  white  paper.  "  Well,  this  is  a 
surprise!"  said  the  paper.  "Now  1  am  still  finer  than  be- 
fore! and  who  can  tell  what  glorious  thoughts  may  be  in- 
scribed upon  my  leaves  ?  This  is,  indeed,  unlooked  for 
happiness!" 


f 


V 


8o 

And  so  it  turned  out.  The  paper  was  sent  to  the  print- 
ing press,  and  all  its  writing  was  printed  in  a  book,  or 
rather  in  many  hundred  books.  "  Now,  I  am  left  at  home," 
said  the  written  paper,  "and  honoured  like  an  aged  grand- 
father, which  in  fa6l  I  am,  of  all  those  new  books;  and  they 
will  continue  to  do  good  in  the  world,  and  carry  on  my  life- 
work  through  the  ages!  Oh,  I  am  surely  the  very  happiest 
of  beings!" — {Condensed  from)  Andersen. 


t 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUT!  n^T  ^ a.cKiT 

.     riBCULATlON  DEPART^AENT 


—  T];l^^i^i^^O^^^NIA.  BERK 

PORMNO.DD6,60.,12/80        BERmEY,  CA  94720 


LD  21-100m-7,'33 


2*v 


^o  ?  §^3 


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